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Experimental data for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal)

22 02 02 11 45
Other names
β-Methyl acrolein; 2-Butenal; Crotonal; Crotonaldehyde; Crotonaldehyde, inhibited; Crotonic aldehyde; Crotylaldehyde; Krotonaldehyd; Propylene aldehyde; beta-Methyl acrolein; (E)-but-2-enal;
INChI INChIKey SMILES IUPAC name
InChI=1S/C4H6O/c1-2-3-4-5/h2-4H,1H3 MLUCVPSAIODCQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N C/C=C/C=O (E)-but-2-enal
State Conformation
1A' CS
Enthalpy of formation (Hfg), Entropy, Integrated heat capacity (0 K to 298.15 K) (HH), Heat Capacity (Cp)
Property Value Uncertainty units Reference Comment
Hfg(298.15K) enthalpy of formation -109.70 2.40 kJ mol-1 webbook
Hfg(0K) enthalpy of formation   2.40 kJ mol-1 webbook
Entropy (298.15K) entropy     J K-1 mol-1  
Integrated Heat Capacity (0 to 298.15K) integrated heat capacity     kJ mol-1  
Heat Capacity (298.15K) heat capacity 93.92   J K-1 mol-1 TRC
Information can also be found for this species in the NIST Chemistry Webbook
Vibrational levels (cm-1) vibrations
Mode Number Symmetry Frequency Intensity Comment Description
Fundamental(cm-1) Harmonic(cm-1) Reference (km mol-1) unc. Reference
1 A' 3058   1981Oel/Bou:179      
2 A' 2995   1981Oel/Bou:179      
3 A' 2963   1981Oel/Bou:179      
4 A' 2938   1981Oel/Bou:179      
5 A' 2805   1981Oel/Bou:179      
6 A' 1720   1981Oel/Bou:179      
7 A' 1649   1981Oel/Bou:179      
8 A' 1455   1981Oel/Bou:179      
9 A' 1391   1981Oel/Bou:179      
10 A' 1375   1981Oel/Bou:179      
11 A' 1304   1981Oel/Bou:179      
12 A' 1253   1981Oel/Bou:179      
13 A' 1147   1981Oel/Bou:179      
14 A' 1074   1981Oel/Bou:179      
15 A' 973   1981Oel/Bou:179      
16 A' 539   1981Oel/Bou:179      
17 A' 464   1981Oel/Bou:179      
18 A' 230   1981Oel/Bou:179      
19 A" 2980   1981Oel/Bou:179      
20 A" 1455   1981Oel/Bou:179      
21 A" 1042   1981Oel/Bou:179      
22 A" 973   1981Oel/Bou:179      
23 A" 928   1981Oel/Bou:179      
24 A" 780   1981Oel/Bou:179      
25 A" 295   1981Oel/Bou:179      
26 A" 173   1981Oel/Bou:179      
27 A" 122   1981Oel/Bou:179      

vibrational zero-point energy: 19040.5 cm-1 (from fundamental vibrations)
Calculated vibrational frequencies for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal).
Gas-phase IR spectra can be found in the NIST Chemistry Webbook here.
Rotational Constants (cm-1) rotational constants
See section I.F.4 to change rotational constant units
A B C reference comment
       

Calculated rotational constants for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal).
Product of moments of inertia moments of inertia
amu3Å6   0gm3 cm6
Geometric Data
picture of 2-Butenal

Point Group Cs


Internal coordinates
distances (r) in Å, angles (a) in degrees, dihedrals (d) in degrees
Description Value unc. Connectivity Reference Comment
Atom 1 Atom 2 Atom 3 Atom 4
rCC 1.470   3 4 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, from C=O
rCC 1.345   2 3 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed
rCC 1.501   1 2 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, to end
rCO 1.219   4 5 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed
rCH 1.108   4 6 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, C with =O
rCH 1.086   2 8 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, C with =C away from O
rCH 1.084   3 7 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, C with =C towards O
rCH 1.090   1 9 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, end C
aCCC 119.83 2 3 4 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, towards =O
aCCO 123.28 3 4 5 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed
aHCC 115.1 3 4 6 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, middle C has =O
aHCH 109.47 9 1 10 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, end C
aHCC 109.47 2 1 9 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed, towards end C
aHCC 122.83 2 3 7 1976Hellwege(II/7) !assumed
aCCC 125.64 2 3 4 1976Hellwege(II/7)
aHCC 116.09 3 4 6 1976Hellwege(II/7)
dHCCH 120.5 9 1 2 10 from HF/6-31G*

These cartesians were determined using some assumed coordinate values. Cartesians
Atom x (Å) y (Å) z (Å)
C1 2.3582 -0.5752 0.0000
C2 0.8612 -0.6845 0.0000
C3 0.0000 0.3486 0.0000
C4 -1.4477 0.0937 0.0000
O5 -2.2832 0.9813 0.0000
H6 -1.7366 -0.9760 0.0000
H7 0.3239 1.3851 0.0000
H8 0.5379 -1.7192 0.0000
H9 2.7651 0.4360 0.0000
H10 2.8725 -1.0359 0.8435
H11 2.8725 -1.0359 -0.8435

Atom - Atom Distances bond lengths
Distances in Å
  C1 C2 C3 C4 O5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11
C1   1.50102.53273.86434.89554.11442.82522.15001.09001.09001.0900
C2 1.5010   1.34502.43663.55852.61422.13831.08402.20912.20912.2091
C3 2.53271.3450   1.47002.36932.18411.08602.13662.76643.29843.2984
C4 3.86432.43661.4700   1.21901.10802.19242.68874.22674.54444.5444
O5 4.89553.55852.36931.2190   2.03222.63823.90535.07765.60025.6002
H6 4.11442.61422.18411.10802.0322   3.13382.39294.71794.68614.6861
H7 2.82522.13831.08602.19242.63823.1338   3.11172.61913.61503.6150
H8 2.15001.08402.13662.68873.90532.39293.1117   3.09922.57472.5747
H9 1.09002.20912.76644.22675.07764.71792.61913.0992   1.69981.6998
H10 1.09002.20913.29844.54445.60024.68613.61502.57471.6998   1.6870
H11 1.09002.20913.29844.54445.60024.68613.61502.57471.69981.6870  

Calculated geometries for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal).

Experimental Bond Angles (degrees) from cartesians bond angles

atom1 atom2 atom3 angle         atom1 atom2 atom3 angle
C1 C2 C3 125.640 C1 C2 H8 111.530
C2 C1 H9 116.090 C2 C1 H10 116.090
C2 C1 H11 116.090 C2 C3 C4 119.830
C2 C3 H7 122.830 C3 C2 H8 122.830
C3 C4 O5 123.280 C3 C4 H6 115.100
C4 C3 H7 117.340 O5 C4 H6 121.620
H9 C1 H10 102.472 H9 C1 H11 102.472
H10 C1 H11 101.399

Bond descriptions


Examples: C-C single bond, C=C, double bond, C#C triple bond, C:C aromatic bond
Bond Type Count
H-C 6
C-C 2
C=C 1
C=O 1

Connectivity
Atom 1 Atom 2
C1 C2
C1 H9
C1 H10
C1 H11
C2 C3
C2 H8
C3 C4
C3 H7
C4 O5
C4 H6
Electronic energy levels (cm-1)
Energy (cm-1) Degeneracy reference description
0 1   1A'

Ionization Energies (eV)
Ionization Energy I.E. unc. vertical I.E. v.I.E. unc. reference
9.750   9.860 0.030 webbook
Dipole, Quadrupole and Polarizability
Electric dipole moment dipole
State Config State description Conf description Exp. min. Dipole (Debye) Reference comment Point Group Components
x y z total dipole quadrupole
1 1 1A' Cs True 3.628 1.020   3.679 1984Bro/God:1951-1954   Cs 2 3
Experimental dipole measurement abbreviations: MW microwave; DT Dielectric with Temperature variation; DR Indirect (usually an upper limit); MB Molecular beam
Calculated electric dipole moments for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal).
Electric quadrupole moment quadrupole
State Config State description Conf description Exp. min. Quadrupole (D Å) Reference comment Point Group Components
xx yy zz dipole quadrupole
1 1 1A' Cs True       Cs 2 3

Calculated electric quadrupole moments for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal).
Electric dipole polarizability (Å3) polarizability
alpha unc. Reference
8.500   1998Gus/Rui:163

Calculated electric dipole polarizability for CHOCHCHCH3 (2-Butenal).

References
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squib reference DOI
1976Hellwege(II/7) Hellwege, KH and AM Hellwege (ed.). Landolt-Bornstein: Group II: Atomic and Molecular Physics Volume 7: Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 1976.  
1981Oel/Bou:179 Oelichmann, Bougeard, and Schrader. Coupled Calculation of Vibrational Frequencies and Intensities: Part IV. IR and Raman spectra of crotonaldehyde, methacrolein and methylvinylketone. J. Mol. Struct. Vol. 77. pgs. 179-194. 10.1016/0022-2860(81)80063-4
1984Bro/God:1951-1954 RD Brown, PD Godfrey "Stark Effect Measurements of Molecular Dipole Moments" Aust. J. Chem., 1984,37, 1951-4 10.1071/ch9841951
1998Gus/Rui:163 M Gussoni, R Rui, G Zerbi "Electronic and relaxation contribution to linear molecular polarizability. An analysis of the experimental values" J. Mol. Struct. 447 (1998) 163-215 10.1016/S0022-2860(97)00292-5
TRC Frenkel, M; Marsh, K.N.; Wilhoit, R.C.; Kabo, G.J.; Roganov, G.N.,Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State,Thermodynamics Research Center, College Station, TX, 1994  
webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry) 10.18434/T4D303

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