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Experimental data for H2O (Water)

22 02 02 11 45
Other names
Dihydrogen oxide; Distilled water; Ice; Water vapor; Water; oxidane;
INChI INChIKey SMILES IUPAC name
InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2 XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N O oxidane
State Conformation
1A1 C2V
Enthalpy of formation (Hfg), Entropy, Integrated heat capacity (0 K to 298.15 K) (HH), Heat Capacity (Cp)
Property Value Uncertainty units Reference Comment
Hfg(298.15K) enthalpy of formation -241.81 0.03 kJ mol-1 2006Rus/Pin:6592
Hfg(0K) enthalpy of formation -238.90 0.03 kJ mol-1 2006Rus/Pin:6592
Entropy (298.15K) entropy 188.84 0.01 J K-1 mol-1 CODATA
Integrated Heat Capacity (0 to 298.15K) integrated heat capacity 9.90 0.00 kJ mol-1 CODATA
Heat Capacity (298.15K) heat capacity 33.60   J K-1 mol-1 CODATA
Information can also be found for this species in the NIST Chemistry Webbook
Vibrational levels (cm-1) vibrations
Mode Number Symmetry Frequency Intensity Comment Description
Fundamental(cm-1) Harmonic(cm-1) Reference (km mol-1) unc. Reference
1 A1 3657 3832 Shim 2.9   1992Cul/Lie:502 OH s-str
2 A1 1595 1649 Shim 62.5   1992Cul/Lie:502 bend
3 B2 3756 3943 1979HUB/HER 41.7     OH a-str

vibrational zero-point energy: 4504.0 cm-1 (from fundamental vibrations)
Calculated vibrational frequencies for H2O (Water).
Gas-phase IR spectra can be found in the NIST Chemistry Webbook here.
Rotational Constants (cm-1) rotational constants
See section I.F.4 to change rotational constant units
A B C reference comment
27.87700 14.51200 9.28500 1966Herzberg

Calculated rotational constants for H2O (Water).
Product of moments of inertia moments of inertia
1.275365amu3Å6   5.83985896432972E-120gm3 cm6
Geometric Data
picture of Water

Point Group C2v


Internal coordinates
distances (r) in Å, angles (a) in degrees, dihedrals (d) in degrees
Description Value unc. Connectivity Reference Comment
Atom 1 Atom 2 Atom 3 Atom 4
rOH 0.958 0.000 1 2 1979Hoy/Bun:1 re
aHOH 104.4776 0.0019 2 1 3 1979Hoy/Bun:1 equilibrium

Cartesians
Atom x (Å) y (Å) z (Å)
O1 0.0000 0.0000 0.1173
H2 0.0000 0.7572 -0.4692
H3 0.0000 -0.7572 -0.4692

Atom - Atom Distances bond lengths
Distances in Å
  O1 H2 H3
O1   0.95780.9578
H2 0.9578   1.5144
H3 0.95781.5144  

Calculated geometries for H2O (Water).

Experimental Bond Angles (degrees) from cartesians bond angles

atom1 atom2 atom3 angle
H2 O1 H3 104.478

Bond descriptions


Examples: C-C single bond, C=C, double bond, C#C triple bond, C:C aromatic bond
Bond Type Count
H-O 2

Connectivity
Atom 1 Atom 2
O1 H2
O1 H3
Electronic energy levels (cm-1)
Energy (cm-1) Degeneracy reference description
0 1   1A1
53800 1 1966Herzberg

Ionization Energies (eV)
Ionization Energy I.E. unc. vertical I.E. v.I.E. unc. reference
12.621 0.002 12.600   webbook

Proton Affinity (kJ mol-1)
Proton Affinity unc. Product reference comment
691.0   H3O+ webbook  
Dipole, Quadrupole and Polarizability
Electric dipole moment dipole
State Config State description Conf description Exp. min. Dipole (Debye) Reference comment Point Group Components
x y z total dipole quadrupole
1 1 1A1 C2v True       1.857 1991Sho/Ebe:5875-5882 MW μe
μ0 = 1.85498
μν1ν2ν3 = -1.8570 - 0.051(ν1+0.5) + 0.0317(ν2+0.5) - 0.0225(ν3+0.5)
C2v 1 2
Experimental dipole measurement abbreviations: MW microwave; DT Dielectric with Temperature variation; DR Indirect (usually an upper limit); MB Molecular beam
Calculated electric dipole moments for H2O (Water).
Vibration specific dipole moments
Vibrational Quantum numbers Dip x Dip y Dip z Dip total Squib Comment
equil       1.857 1991Sho/Ebe:5875-5882  
000       1.855 1991Sho/Ebe:5875-5882  
100       1.860    
010       1.823    
001       1.877    

Electric quadrupole moment quadrupole
State Config State description Conf description Exp. min. Quadrupole (D Å) Reference comment Point Group Components
xx yy zz dipole quadrupole
1 1 1A1 C2v True -2.500 2.630 -0.130 1974Hel/Hel(II/6) aa=2.63+-0.02 bb=-0.13+-0.03 cc=-2.5+-0.02 C2v 1 2

Calculated electric quadrupole moments for H2O (Water).
Electric dipole polarizability (Å3) polarizability
alpha unc. Reference
1.501   1997Oln/Can:59

Calculated electric dipole polarizability for H2O (Water).

References
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squib reference DOI
1966Herzberg Herzberg, G., Electronic spectra and electronic structure of polyatomic molecules,Van Nostrand,New York, 1966  
1974Hel/Hel(II/6) Hellwege, KH and AM Hellwege (eds.). Landolt-Bornstein: Group II: Volume 6 Molecular Constants from Microwave, Molecular Beam, and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 1974. 10.1007/b19951 
1979Hoy/Bun:1 AR Hoy, PR Bunker, "A precise Solution of the Rotation Beninding Schrodinger Equation for a Triatomic Molecule with Application to the Water Molecule" J. Molecular Spectroscopy 74, 1-8, 1979 10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5
1979HUB/HER Huber, K.P.; Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1979 10.1007/978-1-4757-0961-2
1991Sho/Ebe:5875-5882 SL Shostak, WL Ebenstein, JS Muenter "The dipole moment of water. I. Dipole moments and hyperfine properties of H2O and HDO in the ground and excited vibrational states" J. Chem. Phys. 94, 5875 (1991) 10.1063/1.460471
1992Cul/Lie:502 F Culot, J Lievin "Ab initio Calculation of Vibrational Dipole Moment Matrix Elements. II. The Water Molecule as a Polyatomic Test Case" Physica Scripta 46, 502-517, 1992 10.1088/0031-8949/46/6/004
1997Oln/Can:59 TN Olney, NM Cann, G Cooper, CE Brion, Absolute scale determination for photoabsorption spectra and the calculation of molecular properties using dipole sum-rules, Chem. Phys. 223 (1997) 59-98 10.1016/S0301-0104(97)00145-6
2006Rus/Pin:6592 B Ruscic, RE Pinzon, ML Morton, NK Srinivasan, M-C Su, JW Sutherland, JV Michael "Active Thermochemical Tables: Accurate Enthalpy of Formation of Hydroperoxyl Radical, HO2" J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 6592-6601 10.1021/jp056311j
CODATA Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A.CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics. Hemisphere, New York, 1989 10.1002/bbpc.19900940121
Shim Shimanouchi, T. , Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volu 10.6028/NBS.NSRDS.39
webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry) 10.18434/T4D303

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